Defining the topography of the common peroneal nerve and surgical approaches for nerve transfers and neurolysis

As one of the most common mononeuropathy in the lower extremity, common peroneal nerve neuropathy requires concise and complete understanding by any specialist of the lower extremity. The causes of common peroneal nerve injuries vary including trauma, iatrogenic injury and chronic compression or traction but can have debilitating effects. Conservative treatment for motor symptoms can include bracing and orthotics whereas neuropathic pain is often managed with analgesics such as narcotics. Surgical intervention is recommended if no improvements are noted after 4 months. Common entrapment sites for the common peroneal nerve have not been well described in the literature. This article discusses the topography of the common peroneal nerve and its branches, sites of entrapment, appropriate diagnosis, and surgical approaches for treatment of common peroneal nerve pathologies. Defining the topography of the common peroneal nerve allows for precise anatomical identification and improved surgical techniques for treatment. Studies have shown that patients with significant injuries can suffer from socioeconomic debilitation and narcotic abuse. Therefore, this precise anatomic identification is of utmost importance for reproducible, and effective surgical techniques when addressing these issues as symptoms can persist if an inadequate intervention is performed.