Quantitative assessment of fire risk in building-integrated photovoltaic (BIPV) modules coated with fire retardant materials for enhanced fire resistance performance

With the growing incorporation of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) into modern architecture, evaluating their fire safety is crucial. This study assesses the fire risk associated with BIPV systems, specifically focusing on PV modules coated with various flame-retardant and fire-resistant materials. Using the cone calorimeter test (CCT), we analyzed fire growth and spread tendencies by examining the heat release rate (HRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke release (TSR) among other parameters. The results indicate that both flame-retardant (FLRT) and fire-resistant (FRT) coatings effectively mitigate fire risks, with FRT-A coatings demonstrating the highest performance level, thereby enhancing fire safety. Furthermore, to identify quantitative indicators for the impact of fire risk by combustion characteristics, this research sought to answer the questions, “Which risk factors are dangerous? and “How much more dangerous are they?.” The fire test results were quantified using a relative fire risk scoring (RFRS) methodology based on relative evaluation. The fire risk scores for nine characteristics were calculated, ranking them as follows: FRT-A (39.9 points) < FLRT-A (41.5 points) < uncoated (42.2 points). These scores corroborate those calculated based on the fire risk equation. The fire risk associated with FLRT and FRT coatings was analyzed according to their specific properties. In conclusion, this study not only enhances our understanding of BIPV fire characteristics but also enhances the reliability of operations and the safety of designs. It recommends the establishment of standards and codes to integrate effective fire safety measures into PV installations, serving as a foundation for future research aimed at optimizing fire resistance in eco-friendly BIPV technologies. • Fire risk assessed for BIPV modules, both uncoated and coated with fire retardants • Novel fire risk assessment method based on relative fire risk scoring proposed • Effectiveness of fire retardant coatings validated through a cone calorimeter test • FLRT and FRT modules exhibit a lower comprehensive fire risk than uncoated modules • Total risk is ranked as follows: Uncoated-F > Uncoated-B > FLRT-A > FRT-A