Independent and joint associations of sex and birth order with non‑national immunization program vaccine coverage among Chinese children: a cross-sectional analysis
Birth order of children was independently associated with non-NIP vaccines coverage, whereas sex showed no significant. However, sex and birth order were jointly associated with receipt of non-NIP vaccines, with later born children and girls having significantly lower coverage than first-born boys. In the context of the three-child policy in China, interventions to promote non-NIP vaccine equity should consider children's sex and birth order.
Authors
- Y. Wang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5193-1841)
- Yaguan Zhou (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0802-9502)
- Xiaolin Xu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8203-9878)
- Qian Long (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1444-6815)
- Holly Seale (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1877-5395)
- Hongyu Cai (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1010-0957)
- Shenglan Tang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0591-8916)
- Anna Heng Du
Institutions
- Gates Foundation (US)
- Duke University (US)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- SingHealth Duke-NUS Academic Medical Centre (SG)
- Duke Institute for Health Innovation (US)
- Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University (CN)
- Duke Kunshan University (CN)
Publication Details
- Journal
- International Journal for Equity in Health
- Published
- 2025-05-09
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s12939-025-02502-6
- Citations
- 1
- Primary Topic
- Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 3.87
Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Duke Kunshan University