Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of ESBL-, AmpC-, and Carbapenemase-Producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and High-Risk Escherichia coli CC131, with the First Report of ST1193 as a Causative Agent of Urinary Tract Infections in Human Patients in A

This study highlights the spread and genetic diversity of <i>E. coli</i> CC131 CH40-30 and hypervirulent <i>K. pneumoniae</i> clones in Algeria. It represents the first report of a CTX-M-15-carrying <i>E. coli</i> ST1193 in the region. The findings emphasize the urgent need for antibiotic optimization programs and enhanced surveillance to curb the dissemination of high-risk clones that pose an increasing public health threat in Algeria. A simplified method based on virulence traits for <i>E. coli</i> and <i>K. pneumoniae</i> is proposed here for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) monitoring.