A Cropping Attack Resistant Blind 3D Watermarking Algorithm

The study introduces a 3D watermarking approach utilizing a modified Kirchhoff matrix and a visual security scheme. It demonstrates the approach’s resilience against cropping attacks through numerical experiments, reinforcing its effectiveness. The process of owner registration and identification involves several steps, such as 3D image processing, master and ownership share generation, and manipulation and restoration of the host object, depicted with illustrative images. The research highlights the practical application of the proposed scheme in automated vehicles, particularly in the context of their 3D mapping functionality.