Surrogate-Assisted PSO for Patch Antenna Designs

In this study, we employed a surrogate-assisted particle swarm optimization (ESPSO) method to efficiently design wideband patch antennas. The ESPSO algorithm significantly reduced the computational burden typically associated with antenna design, requiring approximately 2000 EM simulations to meet the design specifications. The optimized antenna achieved a 42.95% bandwidth, covering the frequency range from 1.81 GHz to 2.8 GHz, with broadside radiation patterns and a maximum realized gain of 9.74 dBi. The effectiveness of ESPSO was demostrated in achieving high-performance wideband antenna designs within a limited computational budget.