Measurement and Analysis of Scattering from Building Surfaces at Millimeter-Wave Frequency

In future air-to-ground integrated networks, the scattering effects from ground-based scatterers, such as buildings, cannot be neglected in millimeter-wave and higher frequency bands, and have a significant impact on channel characteristics. However, current scattering measurement studies primarily focus on single incident angles within the incident plane, leading to insufficient characterization of scattering properties. In this paper, we present scattering measurements conducted at 28 GHz on various real-world building surfaces with multiple incident angles and three-dimensional (3D) receiving angles. The measured data are analyzed in conjunction with parameterized scattering models in ray tracing and numerical simulations. Results indicate that for millimeter-wave channel modeling near building surfaces, it is crucial to account not only for surface materials but also for the scattering properties of the building surfaces with respect to the incident angle and receiving positions in 3D space.