Flexible Energy Storage System and Renewable Energy Planning for Sustainable Internet Data Center Considering Temporal and Spatial Load Regulation

Given the growing concerns over environmental issues, the idea of sustainable development has gained traction. As the computational load in Internet Data Centers (IDCs) continues to increase, they have become a new type of electricity load in the power sector. Yet, if IDCs operate on an electricity grid powered primarily by fossil fuels, they indirectly contribute to carbon emissions, especially if the energy is sourced from thermal generators. This article suggests a combined approach of battery energy storage systems (BESS) and renewable energy planning, focusing on spatial and temporal load adjustments to reduce carbon emissions and promote eco-friendly computation in IDCs. We introduce a formula for carbon intensity evolution and a modified carbon emission flow (CEF) to measure and monitor the IDCs' indirect carbon emissions. To address the inherent volatility and uncertainty of renewable energy integration, we introduce a sophisticated approach for voltage deviation risk assessment. Utilizing Gaussian Mixture Models (GMM) to evaluate the Probability Density Function (PDF) of voltage deviations. Furthermore, we develop a flexible planning model that incorporates long-term uncertainties by introducing a ‘regret cost’ metric. Our comprehensive approach enables IDCs to effectively navigate the complexities of renewable integration, delivering a resilient energy solution that addresses both the immediate operational risks and the strategic challenges posed by the evolving energy landscape.