ADMM-ESINet: A Deep Unrolling Network for EEG Extended Source Imaging

Electroencephalography (EEG) source imaging (ESI) methods aim to reconstruct cortical sources from scalp EEG signals, a crucial task for understanding the normal brain as well as brain disorders. Traditional model-driven ESI methods face challenges in real-time reconstruction, while deep neural network (DNN)-based ESI methods often struggle with generalization to new data. To address these issues, we propose ADMM-ESINet, a novel deep unfolding neural network for robust and efficient reconstruction of EEG extended sources. ADMM-ESINet leverages a structured sparsity constraint within a regularization framework and employs the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) to achieve iterative solutions. By unrolling the ADMM algorithm into a cascaded network architecture, ADMM-ESINet effectively integrates prior knowledge, enabling end-to-end, real-time ESI. Crucially, both the regularization parameters and the spatial transform operator are learned directly from the training data. Numerical results demonstrate that ADMM-ESINet surpasses traditional DNN-based methods in generalization ability and accurately reconstructs the location, extent, and temporal dynamics of extended sources, establishing ADMM-ESINet as a promising method for real-time ESI.