SAR Analysis in an Anatomical Head Model Using CFL-Optimized Yee Cells and an Accurate Dipole Model at 700-MHz for 5G Mobile Radiation

Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) exposure from fifth-generation (5G) mobile technology influences human health. This article proposes a numerical analysis to investigate the specific absorption rate (SAR) using an anatomical human head and accurate dipole model to examine the EMR effect at 700 MHz, a low-band frequency for 5G mobile communication. A three-dimensional (3D) digital model of a realistic human head is reconstructed using a series of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. This model encompasses various tissue types with their respective bio-material properties. The radiation from a mobile terminal is modeled using a dipole-based structure. In this study, the Unsplit-Field Finite-Difference Time-Domain (UF-FDTD) algorithm is modified for numerical analysis, with a perfectly matched layer (PML) serving as the boundary condition. The electromagnetic (EM) simulation is conducted to study the interaction between the two computational objects in the artificial absorbing environment. The Yee cell is utilized for a structured lattice in the UF-FDTD approach, characterized by its uniformity and consistent application throughout the model. The research problem involves correlating the size of the human head model with the unit cell size, which is associated with the average weight of the human brain for adults. The Yee cell is optimized based on the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition. This work enhances simulation accuracy twofold. First, the optimization of the unit cell size relative to the wavelength is refined in comparison to other unit cells without a phase error. This optimization leads to an accurate time-step parameter via the CFL criterion, ensuring the stability of the computer simulation. Second, the optimized grid structure of the UF-FDTD algorithm closely approximates the infinitesimal feeding gap, ensuring precise alignment with the exact dimensions of the feed-gap point in the dipole antenna configuration and accurately reflecting the effects of input impedance characteristics. The SAR 1-g and SAR 10-g are reported in association with the IEEE standard and ICNIRP guidelines. The total average absorbed power at a gap distance of 1.12 cm is correlated with the radiated power, given by <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P_avg</i>/<italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P_r</i>, with a resulting value of approximately 189.556. The resulting SAR 1-g value is reported as 0.556 W/kg. This investigation contributes to understanding the dosimetry of EMR exposure from 5G mobile technology in the 700 MHz band.