Multi-Sensor Model for Earth Observation Robust to Missing Data via Sensor Dropout and Mutual Distillation

Multi-sensor data has become a foundation of Earth Observation (EO) research, offering models with enhanced accuracy via optimal fusion strategies. However, the unavailability of sensor data at the regional or country scale during inference can significantly undermine model performance. The literature explores diverse approaches to increasing model robustness to missing sensor scenarios, i.e., to reducing the decline in accuracy caused by missing data at inference time. Nevertheless, most of them have suboptimal behavior when a single-sensor is available for prediction. To address this challenge, we propose a novel method for multi-sensor modeling, Decision-level Sensor Dropout with mutual distillation (DSensD+). This employs a decision-level fusion, ignoring predictions from missing sensors and incorporating the Sensor Dropout (SensD) technique. Unlike works that use the SensD at the input or feature level, we use it at the decision level. Moreover, we include a mutual distillation strategy to improve the robustness. From a practical viewpoint, the additional components in the DSensD+ method are incorporated only for the training phase. During inference, it operates as a standard decision-level fusion model that ignores missing sensors.We validate our method on three EO datasets, spanning binary, multi-class, and multi-label classification tasks for crop- and tree-mapping related applications. Notably, DSensD+ outperforms several state-of-the-art methods, achieving consistent improvements across moderate (single-sensor missing) and extreme (single-sensor available) conditions, as well as with full-sensor data. These results demonstrate the robustness of DSensD+ and highlight the effectiveness of our method for the missing sensor problem, advancing the field of multi-sensor modeling in EO.