Distributed Fault-Tolerant Formation Game for Quadrotor UAVs With Hybrid Attacks

This manuscript studies the distributed faulttolerant formation for quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicles (QUAVs) subject to actuator failures and hybrid cyber attacks via a game-theoretical approach. The desired formation, which aligns with optimal self-interests, is achieved by seeking the Nash equilibrium (NE) of the game under a strongly connected directed graph. First, a secure fault-tolerant NE seeking algorithm is presented to handle actuator failures and false data injection (FDI) attacks, with the false data being measured through extended state observers (ESOs). The proposed algorithm is established on pseudo-gradient dynamics, in which a local estimate law is used to anticipate the actions of other QUAVs. Then, an ESOsbased algorithm is developed to mitigate the influence of FDI and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, guaranteeing that all QUAVs exponentially converge to an adjustable small domain of NE by Lyapunov stability analysis. This work is distinct from existing studies by addressing the practical scenario, where physical failures and hybrid cyber attacks occur simultaneously in the game framework of QUAVs. Eventually, numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of theoretical findings.