Loanwords and Calques in Uzbek Philosophical Terminology: Influence of Arabic, Persian, And Russian

The Uzbek language, shaped by centuries of historical contact and cultural exchange, offers a rich field for exploring the intersection of language and philosophy. As a dynamic and evolving linguistic system, Uzbek has absorbed numerous loanwords and calques—notably from Arabic, Persian, Russian, and English—each marking a distinct phase in its socio-cultural development. This study investigates how such borrowings have not only expanded the philosophical lexicon of Uzbek but also reflect deeper patterns of cultural interaction, linguistic adaptation, and historical transformation.