Immersive technologies in Education: Exploring user experience and engagement in building energy simulations through AR and VR

This study examines the unique user experiences created by Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) technologies within the realm of building energy simulations. By developing two distinct prototypes, BIMThermoVR and BIMThermoAR, this research investigates the cognitive demands and educational benefits of immersive visualization tools. The research investigates how these immersive tools affect student engagement, perception, and learning outcomes. A user study was conducted with first- and second-year Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) students, as well as undergraduate students from non-AEC disciplines at Texas A&M University. Participants were divided into VR and AR groups to compare the effectiveness of each platform. To evaluate learning perception and motivation, the study employed the Perception Questionnaire (PQ) and the Reduced Instructional Materials Motivation Survey (RIMMS). Statistical analyses, including independent samples t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests, revealed significant differences between AR and VR in environmental perception and cognitive load (p < 0.05). The prototypes allowed students to visualize building energy simulations and behaviors, with their experiences evaluated using the PQ and tRIMMS. Statistical tests, including independent samples t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests, identified significant differences in environmental perceptions, with AR being favored for its contextual relevance and reduced cognitive load. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) further demonstrated that AR provided a more intuitive and contextually relevant learning experience, reducing cognitive strain compared to VR. The results highlight that while both AR and VR enhance educational engagement, AR's seamless integration of digital content with the real-world environment makes it more effective for instructional communication and visualization. This research contributes to the expanding field of educational technology by emphasizing the importance of customized AR and VR solutions to optimize learning outcomes across varied educational settings.