Uncovering Competitive Behavior: How Critical Thinking, Self-Efficacy, and Social Comparison Shape College Students in Central Java, Indonesia

Background The diverse characteristics of university students in Central Java, Indonesia, present challenges for institutions. Understanding how social comparison mediates the relationship between critical thinking, self-efficacy, and competitive behavior is crucial for the advancement of higher education in the digital era. Objective This research investigates how critical thinking and self-efficacy impact competitive behavior among students in Central Java, Indonesia, with social comparison playing a mediating role. Methods The study utilized the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) technique to examine hypotheses within a quantitative descriptive research framework. Results Findings indicate that critical thinking positively influences competitive behavior and social comparison, and, in turn, social comparison affects competitive behavior. Social comparison plays a significant role in the interaction and competitiveness among students. Furthermore, social comparison moderates the relationship between critical thinking, self-efficacy, and competitive behavior. Conclusion Universities should focus on enhancing students' critical thinking and self-efficacy through workshops, mentoring, and fostering positive social comparison. This approach may offer valuable insights into how cultural and environmental factors can impact future study outcomes.