CRISPR/Cas‑mediated targeted gene editing of <i>Streptococcus mutans</i>: A promising approach for precision dentistry for the prevention and management of caries (Review)

Dental caries, a prevalent chronic condition of global significance, presents substantial risks to oral health, including severe discomfort, tooth loss and impaired oral function if left untreated. The effective prevention and management of dental caries are paramount for maintaining optimal oral health and mitigating associated systemic health complications. Proactive strategies can reduce the need for extensive interventions, enhancing overall well‑being. Recent advances in molecular biology have revolutionized genetic research and therapy. The CRISPR/Cas system, derived from bacterial immune systems, enables precise DNA modifications through targeted incisions across various disciplines. The CRISPR/Cas system is renowned for its unprecedented precision and efficiency in DNA modification, revolutionizing both genetic research and therapeutic applications. The present review discusses the potential application of CRISPR/Cas technology in precision dentistry, emphasizing how it provides a paradigm shift from conventional antimicrobial and fluoride‑based strategies. Unlike broad‑spectrum antimicrobials or fluoride, CRISPR enables the precise genetic targeting of <em>Streptococcus mutans</em> and other cariogenic bacteria, potentially reducing resistance development and microbiome disruption. Additionally, the present review discusses novel CRISPR‑based approaches tailored for gene editing in <em>Streptococcus mutans</em>, which have yet to be widely explored in clinical research. It elucidates the mechanisms by which genes associated with microbial biofilm formation and caries susceptibility can be targeted and modified using CRISPR/Cas methodologies. Particular emphasis is placed on the utilization of CRISPR/Cas for gene silencing in <em>S. mutans</em>, a key cariogenic organism, to elucidate gene regulation mechanisms and their roles in bacterial survival and virulence. The present review also highlights recent advancements in gene editing through CRISPR/Cas, emphasizing its potential to enhance our understanding of caries pathogenesis and facilitate development of novel therapeutic approaches. By integrating current research findings and evaluating practical applications of CRISPR/Cas in dentistry, the present review describes the promising avenues of this cutting‑edge approach in personalized preventive strategies and targeted treatments in dental care.