Public Health Response to the Initial Outbreak of Lassa Fever in a Non-endemic Region of Nigeria

Background and aims: Despite the occurrence of Lassa fever (LF) outbreaks in Nigeria for over 54 years, Bayelsa State, located in the Niger Delta region, has not reported any instances of LF until now. This study aimed to describe the components of the public health response to the first outbreak of LF in Bayelsa State. Methods: A descriptive observational study was conducted from February 8 to April 20, 2023. Sociodemographic, clinical, and relevant public health data on suspected and confirmed cases of LF, including information on their contacts, were collected using both quantitative methods and evidence review. Additionally, plans, activities, and experiences associated with the public health response to the outbreak were reviewed and documented by the researchers. Results: During the study period, 37 suspected cases of LF were reported, of whom two tested positive via polymerase chain reaction. The index case was laboratory-confirmed approximately nine weeks after the onset of symptoms and, unfortunately, passed away five days after her third hospital admission and one day after the laboratory diagnosis. The second case was a contact of the index case, who fully recovered following a mild illness. A total of 95 contacts were identified, including family members and health workers, of which 70 were classified as high-risk contacts, and 15 exhibited symptoms. One death was recorded during the response. Conclusion: Regardless of their prior outbreak status, all communities within LF endemic nations should strengthen their preparedness levels. Emphasis should be placed on the preemptive sensitization and training of healthcare workers (HCWs), as well as on investing in the sustainable availability of commodities necessary for LF epidemic response.