Comparative energy performance in Au/H₂O, Au–Ag/H₂O and Au–Ag–MWCNT/H₂O with shape factor with heat generation impact

In recent times, researchers observed that there are vast applications of heat transfer. Hence, researchers are focusing on heat transfer enhancement to analyze them. Further for base fluid, the heat transfer rate is increased, nanoparticles (NPs), ternary NPs and hybrid NPs are extensively used and this is the most interesting topic for research nowadays. The research study focuses on heat transfer in nanofluids flow by comparative study (i.e. gold–water), hybrid nanofluid (HNF) (i.e. gold and silver–water) and ternary nanofluid (i.e. gold, silver and MWCNT–water) over a three-dimensional stretching sheet. There is an innovation behind this method because of particles with several shapes like cylindrical with the shape of platelet NPs, spherical, and presented physical properties. The controlling set of equations which are non-dimensional are controlled by utilizing the bvp4c method because of the complications of the formulated model. Additionally, in the phenomena of flow, one case of ternary nanofluid exceeds the velocity of the fluid in comparison to HNF and in the nanofluid case, the role of pertinent factors is significant. The rate of heat transfer is 8.7716% higher in ternary HNF (THNF) compared to the usual nanofluid.