Mass, charge and centrality dependency of freeze-out parameters in Xe + Xe collisions at 5.44 TeV

We present the analysis of transverse momentum distributions of charged hadrons (pions, kaons, protons and anti-protons) produced in Xe + Xe collisions at 5.44 TeV and investigated the behavior of freeze-out parameters with respect to centrality and other parameters. The [Formula: see text] spectra of charged hadrons are fitted by using the Tsallis models with and without flow velocity. By monitoring shifts in parameters among different centralities, particle kinds and extracting freeze-out parameters may explain collision mechanisms and particle production. Average transverse flow velocity, kinetic freeze-out temperatures all show decreasing trends with decreasing centrality. On the other hand, when the number of particles increases, the non-extensivity parameter q, Decrease in T indicates stronger excitation and collective flow in central collisions. The mass-dependent freeze-out temperature supports a quark-content effect. Model-dependent variations in temperature trends highlight the complexity of heavy-ion collision dynamics and interpretations. The faster thermalization and equilibrium of heavier particles are supported by their greater temperatures and lower q values. Heavier particles show larger shifts in parameter values (q, temperature and transverse flow velocity) than the lighter particles. Mass differential kinetic freeze-out scenario has been observed, that might result due to different quark contents of baryons and mesons. The kinetic freeze-out temperature ([Formula: see text] for charge conjugate particles is found same, indicating equivalent interactions with the medium. Results have been compared with other published data, which suggest differences in the treatment of centrality and flow dynamics. A medium resemble to quark–gluon plasma (QGP) is reported to be produced in Xe + Xe collisions at 5.4 TeV.