Application of multi-source remote sensing data to nephrite exploration in the Eastern Kunlun Range: A new perspective for jade prospecting

• Proposed an innovative remote sensing methodology for nephrite jade prospecting. • Utilized multi-source satellite data, including Landsat-9, GF-5B, and ASTER GDEM. • Delineated fourteen target areas with high potential for nephrite formation. Nephrite, as a rare jewelry with a long history, holds great economic value and cultural significance. The Eastern Kunlun Range possesses immense potential for nephrite resources controlled by tectonic evolution and magmatic activities during geological periods. However, the harsh environment and backward prospecting technology have led to stagnation of the nephrite exploration in this area. Remote sensing, as a rapidly advancing technology that is sensitive to mineral identification and structural interpretation, has played a critical role in the exploration of mineral deposits. This study summarized the geological characteristics of nephrite deposits in Nachitai area of the Eastern Kunlun Range, revealing that these deposits exhibit distinct mineral assemblages, lithological, and structural features. Various satellite data, including Landsat-9, GF-5B, and ASTER GDEM, were utilized to extract geological indicators associated with ore formation and discover new exploration targets. Landsat-9 multispectral image was used to preliminarily identify the known nephrite areas through false color composite (FCC) and selective principal component analysis (SPCA). GF-5B hyperspectral data were applied to detect tremolite, dolomite, and chlorite using spectral angle mapper (SAM). ASTER Global Digital Elevation Model (GDEM) data were used for the automatic interpretation of lineaments in the study area. The mapping results show a high degree of consistency with four known open pit mines. Ultimately, fourteen target areas with potential for nephrite formation were delineated through a comprehensive analysis of lithologies, mineral assemblages, and structures within the study area. The methodology proposed here provides a new perspective for jade prospecting in remote regions worldwide.