Climate change resilience of freshwater supply on small islands: Research gaps and strategies for a case study in Grand Bahama

Grand Bahama island, the Commonwealth of The Bahamas. In Grand Bahama, due to its low elevation, sea level rise and flooding during hurricane events can lead to the salinization of groundwater, which is the only source of potable water for the island. In this study, we assessed available literature of Grand Bahama's groundwater resources to identify key challenges and knowledge gaps for the protection of the potable water supply of the island. A literature review guided our assessment of various sustainable groundwater management approaches for the island. Understanding the hydrogeology and identifying strategies to maintain the freshwater lenses in Grand Bahama are key to ensure the island remains habitable. Existing hydrogeological data highlight the urgent need to improve the island’s water supply system and to identify safe groundwater yields to sustain its drinking water supply. Based on analysis of these data, we propose the implementation of nature-based solutions, such as managed aquifer recharge and reforestation measures, aimed at restoring the groundwater ecosystem service of freshwater supply. Moreover, we suggest wellfields should be identified in elevated areas on the island to mitigate over-wash induced saltwater intrusion in the aquifer. Furthermore, to ensure effective water supply management in Grand Bahama, it is recommended that legislation and regulations be adapted to actively involve both institutions and the public in the decision-making process. • Small island nations, including Grand Bahama, mainly rely on groundwater as their freshwater source. • Climate extremes and sea level rise lead to salinization of groundwater resources. • Limited data availability hinders the implementation of sustainable groundwater management. • Recommendations include nature-based solutions to restore groundwater ecosystem services. • Institutions and public should be more actively involved in water related decision-making.