Studies in early Indo-European loans in Uralic – problems and new solutions

In this paper, some problematic early Indo-European loan etymologies for Uralic words are discussed and criticized and alternative solutions are offered for most of them. In recent research there has been much criticism of early Indo-European, especially Proto-Indo-European, loanwords into Proto-Uralic or early Uralic languages, and in this paper some etymologies criticized in recent research are commented on in greater detail in order to show that alternative solutions are often possible. Some problematic etymologies that have not received comment in recent years are also scrutinized. The paper also includes a discussion of the methodology for research into prehistoric loanwords.