Facile phyto-mediated synthesis of ternary CuO/Mn3O4/ZnO nanocomposite using Nigella Sativa seeds extract: characterization,antimicrobial, and biomedical evaluations

The phyto-synthesis of ternary CuO/ Mn₃O₄/ZnO nanocomposite was achieved by the utilization of an eco-friendly, straightforward approach that involved the extract of Nigella sativa seeds. Our ternary nanocomposite appears to include equal amounts of CuO, Mn₃O₄, and ZnO based on the atomic percentages. The results indicate that a robust and thermally stable CuO/Mn₃O₄/ZnO nanocomposite was developed in stable nanosuspensions. The CuO/Mn₃O₄/ZnO nanocomposites showed antimicrobial capabilities against multidrug-resistant human pathogens. The highest biofilm reduction in viable planktonic populations of all human pathogens investigated was significantly reduced by the CuO/Mn₃O₄/ZnO ternary nanocomposites with a value of 18.5 µg/mL. The unique, enhanced, and triple-combined properties enabled the nanocomposite to have strong antimicrobial ability. The CuO/Mn₃O₄/ZnO nanocomposite exhibited strong anticancer activity against A549, MDA, HCT-116, and HepG2 cells, with selectivity index values ​​ranging from 24.72 to 41.96. The CuO/Mn₃O₄/ZnO nanocomposite appeared to induce selective dose-dependent nuclear condensation and cell shrinkage in the treated cancer cells, significantly inducing the apoptosis mechanism to combat cancer progression. The phytosynthetic CuO/Mn₃O₄/ZnO nanocomposite appears to induce selective dose-dependent nuclear condensation and cell shrinkage in treated cancer cells, significantly triggering apoptotic mechanisms to combat cancer progression. This apoptotic pathway was confirmed by the strong affinity of CuO/Mn₃O₄/ZnO nanocomposites for ErbBs and VEGF with potent antioxidant activity to scavenge ABTS and DPPH radicals at EC₅₀ values ​​of 236.6 µg/mL and 134.8 µg/mL, respectively.