Multimetodolological characterization of an optimized carbon/np TiO<sub>2</sub> nanoparticles electrode

This present work describes an optimized electrochemical sensor made of a carbon electrode modified with TiO2 nanoparticles, which was used for the electrochemical characterization of polyphenols in natural wine. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of specific binders and nanoparticles on the physicochemical and electro-chemical properties of modified carbon electrodes. The imaging techniques (scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy) showed that the electrode material becomes denser with a higher binder content and that TiO2 nanoparticles are almost evenly distributed despite the manual preparation of the carbon paste. The results show that the modified carbon paste with 40 vol.% paraffin oil and 8 wt.% TiO2 nanoparticles has the lowest surface roughness, anodic current and electroactive surface area, which is consistent with the reported lowest resistance, as well as the highest degree of reversibility compared to the standard reversible redox system ([Fe(CN)6]3-/4-) within the electrode material.