Prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases and risk factors among pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients at Tikur Anbessa specialized hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study

Objective: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).These patients have a higher prevalence of both traditional and non -traditional cardiovascular risk factors compared to the general population.Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and proteinuria are independent predictors of cardiovascular outcomes.The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (ASCVD) and associated risk factors among pre-dialysis CKD patients at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital.Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April 5 to August 27, 2021, among 216 randomly selected pre-dialysis CKD patients attending renal clinics at Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital.Structured questionnaires were used to collect sociodemographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging data.Data were anonymized, entered into Epi Info 3.1, and analyzed using SPSS version 25.Descriptive and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed.Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Review Board of the Department of Internal Medicine, Addis Ababa University.Results: Out of 216 participants, 149 (69%) were male, with a mean age of 55.6 years (95% CI: 41.9-68.6).The leading causes of CKD were diabetes mellitus (41.7%) and hypertension (34.3%).The mean eGFR was 37.3 mL/min/1.73m (95% CI: 23.3-51.5).Hypertension and diabetes were prevalent in 91.2% and 48.1% of participants, respectively.Ane mia and hypertriglyceridemia were each present in 36.8%.The prevalence of ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral arterial disease were 14.4%, 11.1%, and 4.2%, respectively, resulting in an overall ASCVD prevalence of 27.8% (95% CI: 21.9-34.3).Left ventricular hypertrophy was present in 28.2%, diastolic dysfunction in 30.6%, and systolic dysfunction in 20.8%.Uncontrolled office blood pressure (AOR: 4.7; 95% CI: 1.17-18.7;p = 0.029) and khat chewing (AOR: 5.1; 95% CI: 1.10-24.66;p = 0.042) were significantly associated with ASCVD. Conclusion:The burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among pre -dialysis CKD patients in this study was notably high.Hypertension, diabetes, anemia, and cardiac abnormalities were also highly prevalent.These findings highlight the need for early cardiovascular screening and risk factor management in this population.