The evolution of tourist consciousness: a developmental model of tourist behavior

Purpose This paper applies developmental psychology to tourism to introduce the evolution of tourist consciousness (ETC) model. The model explores how psychological development and sociocultural factors shape tourism behavior and the evolution of tourism itself. Design/methodology/approach A literature review and comparative analysis of key developmental models inform the creation of a psychological model of tourist development and a sociocultural evolution model of tourism, alongside theory-grounded propositions for future research. Findings The ETC model identifies four stages of tourist evolution: traditional-ethnocentric, achieving-hedonistic, experiential-responsible and transformational-integrative. It also connects how the evolving consciousness of tourists interacts with the sociocultural evolution of tourism, resulting in shifts in societal and economic structures across the premodern, modern, postmodern and metamodern eras of tourism. In addition, it explores the transition mechanisms between stages. Finally, this paper presents theory-based propositions to enhance theoretical and practical relevance. Research limitations/implications As a conceptual paper, its findings and proposals require empirical validation and testing across different cultural contexts and tourism sectors. Practical implications The model helps tourism professionals design experiences and marketing strategies aligned with evolving consumer values and motivations. Social implications Understanding the psycho-cultural evolution of tourism can drive more inclusive, sustainable and transformational travel experiences, reflecting broader societal changes and values. Originality/value This paper offers a novel application of stage theory to tourism, addressing a gap in the literature. By linking tourist consciousness with sociocultural dynamics, the ETC model deepens the understanding of consumer behavior in tourism and hospitality.