Algae-Based Innovations for Sustainable Textile Dyeing: Methods, Applications, and Environmental Benefits

As the environmental impact of synthetic dyes becomes increasingly evident, algae have emerged as a sustainable and eco-friendly source of natural dyes for the textile industry. This research investigates the dyeing potential of various algae, including microalgae (Chlorella Vulgaris) and macroalgae (Ulva Lactuca, Sargassum polycystum, and Gracilaria). Advanced extraction techniques, such as aqueous biphasic systems (ABS) and microwave-assisted methods, were employed to obtain pigments for dyeing cotton and wool fabrics. The performance of these dyes was evaluated for color strength, fastness properties, and environmental impact. Results demonstrated vibrant colors and acceptable fastness levels, highlighting the feasibility of algae-based dyes as alternatives to synthetic ones. This study also explores resource recovery strategies to improve economic and environmental outcomes. Further research directions focus on enhancing dye properties and scaling for industrial applications.