Green Synthesis of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles Using Senna Siamea Leaves Extract: Antibacterial Potential and Prospects for Sustainable Medical and Environmental Applications

Nanoparticles have garnered significant attention due to their diverse applications in medicine, engineering, and environmental science. However, the chemical synthesis of nanoparticles often involves significant costs and environmental hazards due to the release of toxic byproducts. To address these challenges, we examined the environmentally sustainable and cost-effective biosynthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) using Senna siamea leaf extract as a bioreducing agent. This research entailed the synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles from copper sulfate (CuSO₄) in an aqueous solution via a green synthesis approach. The synthesized CuONPs were evaluated using UV-Visible spectroscopy and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to evaluate their structural and morphological properties. The antibacterial effectiveness of CuONPs and Senna siamea leaf extract was assessed against Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative bacteria (Salmonella spp.). The results indicated significant antibacterial efficacy of the CuONPs, exhibiting greater effectiveness against Gram-negative bacteria compared to Gram-positive bacteria. This study highlights the potential of Senna siamea leaf extract as an environmentally sustainable alternative for nanoparticle production, as well as its possible antibacterial applications.