The USA in Afghanistan: Interests, Compulsions and Consequences (1979–1989)

Historically, Afghanistan lacked significant strategic importance for the United States until the Cold War, contrasting with the consistent attention it garnered from the Soviet Union due to its strategic location. The period of 1979–1989 marked a turning point when the USA became deeply involved due to the Soviet invasion and it did not take much time when Afghanistan became vital to the USA’s interests, as it too realised its geopolitical importance. Prior to 1979, the Soviet Union had never given serious thought to invading Afghanistan, then what were the changed circumstances or matters involved, which led it to take such a decision. On the other hand, despite being fully aware of the inherent dangers posed by radical Islamism, the USA chose to provide support and resources to the most extremist Islamic groups. This raises the doubt that whether US policymakers were conscious of the consequences of nurturing radical Islamism and if so, what pressures led them to adopt this course of action. In essence, what were the USA and the Soviet Union’s interests and compulsions regarding Afghanistan which led them both to adopt the various policies, which they did, during the critical period from 1979 to 1989, demand a thorough investigation. Further, the impact this changed geopolitical equation had on the interests of Saudi Arabia and Pakistan and their roles and responses thereafter. This research paper tries to make a comprehensive analysis of these intricate issues involved.