The Emerging Roles of Resolvins: Potential Diagnostic Biomarkers for Cardiovascular Diseases

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide and include a range of conditions affecting the heart and vascular system. There is a growing priority on identifying and validating biomarkers for CVDs to increase early diagnosis and survival rates. Within this framework of research, there has been a notable increase in interest in resolvins, a class of specialized pro-resolving mediators. Resolvins are well-known for their capacity to promote tissue healing and reduce inflammation. They are categorized into three series: Dseries (RvD1 to RvD6), T-series (RvT1 to RvT4), and E-series (RvE1 to RvE4). These molecules are produced through biochemical pathways involving enzymes such as lipoxygenase (LOX), cyclooxygenase (COX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP). These enzymes utilize precursor molecules like docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA). This review addresses a critical gap in the literature by evaluating the potential of resolvins as biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. By synthesizing existing knowledge on their production pathways and receptors, it highlights the implications of altered resolvins levels in disease mechanisms and offers new perspectives on their clinical relevance.