Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering Approaches in Biomedical Engineering: A Mini-Review

Tissue engineering aims to create functional tissues and organs for regenerative medicine. Traditional methods often rely on scaffolds— three-dimensional (3D) structures that provide support and guidance for cell growth [1-3]. However, scaffold-free tissue engineering approaches offer a novel paradigm by eliminating the need for external support structures, instead relying on natural cell behavior and self-organization.