Graphic Operation Terminal-incorporated experimental prescheduled auto-configurable centralized rational water distribution system

ABSTRACT Sustainable water supply management is a key challenge in the water–energy nexus. Traditional water distribution operates on fixed time durations, often leading to inadequate supply for end users. To address these challenges, the proposed work develops a testbed for a realistic water distribution model. An efficient and user-friendly automated system has been designed by integrating a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), Graphic Operation Terminal (GOT), sensors, actuators, and the Internet of Things (IoT). A rational algorithm optimizes water distribution based on the availability and demand of water. The system dynamically configures water supply quantities for end users based on economic divisions and resource availability, validated through extensive case studies comparing traditional and automated modes. The statistical analysis of the proposed automation system demonstrated a distribution uniformity (DU) of 99.978% and a coefficient of uniformity (CU) of 99.984% when the tank's water level was high (3 m head), and a DU of 99.982% with a CU of 99.986% when the tank's water level was medium (2.55 m head). Additionally, the controller achieves 14–17% power savings by maintaining a higher overhead tank level.