A Novel Principle for Transparent Applications of Force Impulses in Cable-Driven Rehabilitation Systems

A critical requirement for rehabilitation robots is achieving high transparency in user interaction to minimize interference when assistance is unnecessary. Cable-driven systems are a compelling alternative to rigid-link robots due to their lighter weight and reduced inertia, enhancing transparency. However, controlling cable tension forces remains a significant challenge, as these forces directly affect the interaction between the user and the robot. Effective strategies must maintain low tension during non-assistive phases while preventing slackness. This paper introduces PACE-R (Passive Active CablE Robot), a novel lightweight actuation system for cable-driven rehabilitation devices. The PACE-R module utilizes remote actuation and an open-loop, discrete state control, where the cable is coupled to the motor only during active intervention. When not assisting, the cable is passively decoupled from the motor, and a low-stiffness spring maintains minimal tension, enabling high transparency. Benchtop tests showed that the module consistently produced force impulses proportional to motor input with delays not exceeding 15 ms. In the treadmill push-off assistance demonstration, PACE-R contributed about 20% to total ankle moment and power. Transparency analysis revealed negligible interference, with only 1% and 0.5% contributions to peak total ankle moment and power, respectively.