Construction and application of environmental impact assessment model for offshore wind farms based on geo-information system

In view of the possible disturbance caused by the construction of offshore wind farms (OWF) to the marine ecosystem, a geo-information system (GIS)-based environmental impact assessment model is introduced, aiming to quantitatively assess the environmental impact of OWF through spatial analysis and multi-criteria decision-making methods, and to provide support for scientific planning. First, multi-source environmental data of the target area are collected, including marine climate parameters, seabed topography, aquatic biological distribution, etc., to ensure that the data covered key ecological factors that OWF may affect. Then, the GIS platform is used to spatially model the data, build a dynamic change model of topography and climate, and refine the simulation process of each potential environmental impact in order to reflect the spatiotemporal impact of wind farm facility layout on the ecosystem. Finally, the Multi-Criterion Decision Analysis (MCDA) algorithm is introduced into the evaluation model to quantify and comprehensively analyze the long-term impact of OWF construction and operation on the environment based on criteria such as environmental sensitivity and resource availability, so as to propose feasible environmental optimization measures. In view of the potential impact of offshore wind farms on the marine ecological environment, the assessment model can accurately identify highly sensitive ecological zones within the construction area and simulate the impact of OWF operation on water temperature, tides, and species habitats. Experimental results show that the model has high reliability in terms of data accuracy and ecological impact prediction. In highly sensitive areas, the disturbance area ratio often reaches 0.3 to 0.5, indicating that the construction of wind power facilities significantly interferes with the ecosystem. The model application results further verify its applicability in offshore energy planning, which can balance the needs of wind power development and ecosystem protection, and provide a scientific basis for achieving sustainable development.