Cardiac tamponade due to minoxidil use: a case report and review of the literature

This case highlights minoxidil-induced cardiac tamponade - a rare but fatal adverse effect requiring urgent intervention, especially underrecognized in clinical practice.Patients with chronic kidney disease are at increased risk for minoxidil-induced pericardial effusion due to altered fluid regulation and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system activation.Clinicians should maintain a high index of suspicion and consider routine cardiac monitoring in minoxidil users, even for non-hypertensive indications such as hair loss.