The Impact of Trade Openness and ICT on Technical Efficiency of Township Economies in South Africa

While the impact of trade openness on economic growth has been widely studied, its effect on township economies remains underexplored. In view of this empirical gap, this study examines the impact of trade openness proxied by export intensity on the technical efficiency of five major township economies in South Africa—Soweto, Khayelitsha, Alexandra, Tembisa, and Soshanguve—while considering the moderating role of information and communication technology (ICT). This aim speaks to the ongoing quest to unravel factors limiting the transformation of South African townships since the advent of democracy in 1994. The analysis uses an instrumental variable stochastic frontier model and annual panel data covering the 1995–2023 period. On average, the five townships were found to have operated 19% below their full potential during the sampling period, with Soweto being the least efficient. Holding constant factors peculiar to township economies, such as crime rates and informality, the main results show that ICT plays a positive moderating role in reducing trade-related technical inefficiencies of these townships. This finding underscores the importance of targeted policy interventions, such as investments in digital infrastructure and digital literacy programs, to ensure that township economies benefit from global markets and achieve their full potential.