The Progress in Synthesis of Efficient Carbon-Based Anode Materials for Sodium Ion Batteries

With the increasing demand for clean energy, Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have become a potential substitute for lithium-ion batteries because of their low cost, high safety and abundant sodium resources. However, the energy density of sodium ion batteries is low, and the development of electrode materials, especially negative electrode materials, is facing challenges. Due to their low cost, simple preparation process, and high electrochemical stability, carbon-based materials have emerged as the most promising anode materials for commercialization. In this paper, the applications of hard carbon, soft carbon and graphite in sodium ion batteries are reviewed, and their sodium storage mechanism, preparation methods and modification strategies are discussed.