Marine algae-derived nanoparticles (MADNs): green synthesis, characterization, and therapeutic applications

Abstract Marine algae, a reservoir of bioactive compounds, offer immense therapeutic potential, especially when harnessed through nanotechnology. This review comprehensively explores the synthesis, characterization, and therapeutic applications of marine algae-derived nanoparticles (MADNs), with a particular focus on their antioxidant properties. Marine algae, notably red algae, possess unique biochemical compositions rich in polyphenols, flavonoids, polysaccharides, and carotenoids. These compounds confer robust antioxidant capacities, protecting algae from oxidative stress induced by environmental extremities. The review details how these bioactive molecules can be synthesized into nanoparticles, leveraging green synthesis methods that utilize algae's intrinsic reducing and stabilizing agents, promoting sustainable nanoparticle production. The integration of nanotechnology amplifies the efficacy of these bioactive compounds, with MADNs demonstrating superior reactivity, stability, and bioavailability. Characterization of these nanoparticles through advanced techniques like TEM, XRD, and FTIR has underscored their potential in mitigating oxidative damage in cellular models. By scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), MADNs show promise in therapeutic interventions for conditions linked to oxidative stress, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. This review highlights the dual benefits of environmental sustainability and enhanced therapeutic efficacy provided by MADNs. The green synthesis approach not only minimizes the environmental footprint but also ensures the bioactivity of the nanoparticles. The clinical implications of MADNs are profound, suggesting a new paradigm in the development of eco-friendly therapeutic agents. The findings presented herein aim to stimulate further research and underscore the pivotal role of marine algae in advancing nanomedicine.