Assessing the Impact of Petroleum Pollutants on the Physical Properties of Mangrove Forest Sediments

IntroductionCrude oil and its derivatives represent one of the most significant sources of fuel on a global scale.With continuous industrial advancements, the production and consumption of these resources are increasing daily worldwide.However, this escalating demand has led to substantial soil contamination, adversely influencing environmental quality and human health.The pollution attributed to petroleum hydrocarbons poses a grave threat to the well-being of all living organisms across the planet.Environmental degradation resulting from petroleum spills profoundly impacts soil ecosystems, increases hydrophobicity, diminishes water accessibility, and directly contaminates flora and microorganisms.Excessive contamination from point sources impairs soil functionality, disrupts plant growth and microbial activity, and results in enduring ecological repercussions.