Critical behavior of the Schwinger model via gauge-invariant variational uniform matrix product states

We study the lattice Schwinger model by combining the variational uniform matrix product state (VUMPS) algorithm with a gauge-invariant matrix product ansatz that locally enforces the Gauss law constraint. Both the continuum and lattice versions of the Schwinger model with <a:math xmlns:a="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><a:mi>θ</a:mi><a:mo>=</a:mo><a:mi>π</a:mi></a:math> are known to exhibit first-order phase transitions for the values of the fermion mass above a critical value, where a second-order phase transition occurs. Our algorithm enables a precise determination of the critical point in the continuum theory. We further analyze the scaling in the simultaneous critical and continuum limits and confirm that the data collapse aligns with the Ising universality class to remarkable precision.