Diet of ancient Turban population from northwestern China illustrated by isotopic analysis of human teeth and bones

Although numerous bioarchaeological studies have been conducted along the ancient Silk Road, the economic models and subsistence strategies of past populations remain inadequately understood. This study presents stable carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotope data from the dentine and bone collagen of 18 adults from Jiayi Cemetery in Turpan, Xinjiang (2800–2400 BP), to investigate dietary practices, breastfeeding, and weaning patterns. The results indicate a mixed diet of C3 and C4 plants, with a moderate proportion of animal protein intake. Males were weaned at an average age of 3.5 years, while females were weaned at 3.3 years. Sex-based dietary differences emerged over growth, with males consuming more C4 plants and animal protein than females, possibly reflecting a division of labor within the community. This study provides insights into the subsistence strategies and social roles of ancient populations in Turpan, emphasizing adaptive dietary strategies and resource balance in a fragile, hyper-arid environment.