IceBench: A Benchmark for Deep-Learning-Based Sea-Ice Type Classification

Sea ice plays a critical role in the global climate system and maritime operations, making timely and accurate classification essential. However, traditional manual methods are time-consuming, costly, and have inherent biases. Automating sea-ice type classification addresses these challenges by enabling faster, more consistent, and scalable analysis. While both traditional and deep-learning approaches have been explored, deep-learning models offer a promising direction for improving efficiency and consistency in sea-ice classification. However, the absence of a standardized benchmark and comparative study prevents a clear consensus on the best-performing models. To bridge this gap, we introduce IceBench, a comprehensive benchmarking framework for sea-ice type classification. Our key contributions are three-fold: First, we establish the IceBench benchmarking framework, which leverages the existing AI4Arctic Sea Ice Challenge Dataset as a standardized dataset, incorporates a comprehensive set of evaluation metrics, and includes representative models from the entire spectrum of sea-ice type-classification methods categorized in two distinct groups, namely pixel-based classification methods and patch-based classification methods. IceBench is open-source and allows for convenient integration and evaluation of other sea-ice type-classification methods, hence facilitating comparative evaluation of new methods and improving reproducibility in the field. Second, we conduct an in-depth comparative study on representative models to assess their strengths and limitations, providing insights for both practitioners and researchers. Third, we leverage IceBench for systematic experiments addressing key research questions on model transferability across seasons (time) and locations (space), data downsampling, and preprocessing strategies. By identifying the best-performing models under different conditions, IceBench serves as a valuable reference for future research and a robust benchmarking framework for the field.