ADS-B Positional Accuracy and Anomalies: A Comprehensive Analysis Using High-Resolution MLAT Data

This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the positional accuracy and anomalies in Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) position reports using a high-resolution multilateration (MLAT) system as an independent reference. Leveraging a network of over 170 receivers deployed across Germany, we assess ADS-B accuracy across various aircraft types, transponder versions, and operational conditions. Our findings confirm that latency is the primary source of ADS-B positional errors, predominantly affecting along-track deviations. While older ADS-B versions exhibit significantly higher latency-induced errors, ADS-B version 2 transponders generally remain within the latency constraints set by the standard. Additionally, we investigate the impact of GNSS integrity parameters and avionics variability on ADS-B accuracy. Beyond air traffic surveillance, we provide recommendations for applications leveraging ADS-B as a reference signal in high-precision applications, such as system calibration and built-in self-testing. By characterizing ADS-B positional accuracy and its influencing factors, this study enhances the understanding of ADS-B integrity, contributing to improved aviation safety, high-precision localization, and future advancements in air traffic management.