Cost-effective urine recycling enabled by a synthetic osteoyeast platform for production of hydroxyapatite
Recycling human urine offers a sustainable solution to environmental challenges posed by conventional wastewater treatment. While it is possible to recover nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from urine, the low economic value of these products limits large-scale adoption. Here, we show that engineered yeast can convert urine into hydroxyapatite (HAp), a high-value biomaterial widely used in bone and dental applications. Inspired by the biological mechanisms of bone-forming cells, we develop a synthetic yeast platform osteoyeast, which uses enzymes to break down urea and increase the pH of the surrounding environment. This triggers the yeast vacuoles to accumulate calcium and phosphate as amorphous calcium phosphate, which is then secreted in vesicles and crystallized into HAp. We achieve HAp production at titers exceeding 1 g/L directly from urine. Techno-economic analysis demonstrates that this process offers clear economic and environmental advantages, making it a compelling strategy for high-value resource recovery from human waste.
Authors
- Jeremy S. Guest (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2489-2579)
- Nigel J. Mouncey (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5380-1256)
- Alex Lin (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9377-5814)
- Isaak E. Müller
- David Kisailus (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9976-485X)
- Behzad Lame Rad (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6531-9168)
- Zong‐Yen Wu (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0487-6873)
- Yasuo Yoshikuni (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8372-640X)
- Peter Ercius (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6762-9976)
- Xinyi Zhang (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5858-9511)
- Yusuke Otani
Institutions
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Urbana University (US)
- Joint Genome Institute (US)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Hokkaido University (JP)
- Japan Chemical Innovation and Inspection Institute (JP)
- Irvine University (US)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Nature Communications
- Published
- 2025-05-06
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-59416-8
- Citations
- 5
- Primary Topic
- Microbial Fuel Cells and Bioremediation
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 4.00
Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- U.S. Department of Energy
- Joint Genome Institute
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Office of Science
- Advanced Research Projects Agency
- Basic Energy Sciences
- Laboratory Directed Research and Development
- Air Force Office of Scientific Research