EFFECTS OF ORIENTATION AND VELOCITY ON HIGH-VELOCITY IMPACTS OF SPHERICAL PROJECTILES ON LEAD-ACID BATTERIES

The investigation of the damage of lead-acid batteries under projectile impacts is underexplored, yet the battery is a critical component for the normal operation of military equipment. The kinetic energy attenuation of the projectile, damage modes, and performance degradation of lead-acid batteries were explored by high-velocity projectile impact experiments from three typical orientations. The results suggest that the damage modes and performance degradation of lead-acid batteries are less influenced by the impact orientation, but are strongly correlated with the impact velocity. The rate of kinetic energy attenuation of a projectile is influenced by both the impact orientation and velocity, with higher impact velocities leading to faster energy dissipation.