Injected bone cements based on magnesium-substituted whitlockite, containing sodium carboxymethyl cellulose

Research subject. Calcium-magnesium phosphate powder and cement materials and cement fluid containing sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC). Aim. To develop injectable bone cements based on soluble phases of calcium and magnesium phosphates for possible use in minimally invasive surgery. Methods. Fritsch Analysis 22 laser particle analyser, Shimadzu XRD-6000 diffractometer, Tescan Vega II scanning electron microscope with an Oxford Instruments Inca X-Act energy dispersive analyser, Tristar 3000 particle analyser, Brookfield DV2T viscometer, Instron 5581 and Instron 3382 universal testing machines were used to characterise the materials. Results. The introduction of CMC resulted in an increase in the viscosity and surface tension of the cement fluid, which resulted in an increase in the injectability and cohesion in aqueous media of the resulting cement materials. The effects of CMC introduction and mechanochemical activation on the phase composition, setting time, microstructure, cohesion, injectability and strength properties of the cement materials were determined.