A Comprehensive CFD Analysis of Tandem Foils With and Without Ground Effect

Ground effect (GE) and finite depth phenomena have been the subject of extensive research, with the primary goal of understanding the complex flow dynamics and hydrodynamic responses of lifting surfaces when operating in close proximity to a boundary such as the ground or water surface.This comprehensive study investigates how the GE influences vehicle performance, where the reduced distance to the surface enhances the lift and modifies the overall aero/ hydrodynamic behaviour [1-3].The flow characteristics and hydrodynamic behaviour in GE (IGE) are distinct from those encountered in freestream flow conditions, necessitating further analysis.