Methods of Creating the Image of the Enemy in Soviet Animation during the Great Patriotic War

The article explores the significant role of cinema, particularly animation, as a tool for political propaganda throughout history, with a specific focus on its utilization during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945). As animation transitioned from a technical novelty to a narrative art form, it quickly became a medium for propaganda purposes. This was especially pronounced during the war, where animated films served as mobilization instruments designed to foster a specific psycho-emotional state among Soviet citizens, promoting a negative perception of the enemy. Despite the evident impact of animation in wartime propaganda, academic research on this subject remains limited. Notable scholars, including N.P. Pankov and V.A. Ermitcheva, have touched upon the educational aspects of Soviet animation in shaping the younger generation's perception of the enemy. In contrast, the concept of the “enemy” has been more thoroughly investigated, particularly by foreign researchers like K. Schmidt and R. Girard, who examine the enemy's role in social cohesion and state formation processes. The article emphasizes that existing studies have largely overlooked the representation of the enemy through animated discourse. By analyzing 23 Soviet animated films produced between 1941 and 1945 - most notably from 1941 and 1945 - the research identifies key methods employed by the Soyuzmultfilm studio in depicting the enemy. Through these analyses, the article sheds light on how animated films contributed to shaping public sentiment and reinforcing national identity during a time of conflict. The article explains that animated films were used for the purpose of fostering patriotism, mobilizing the population, and dehumanizing the enemy. In particular, Nazi soldiers were depicted as beasts, predators, or villains, which contributed to the formation of an image of the enemy as a soulless force. Examples are provided of how beast-like Nazis metaphorically sought to steal hope and a sense of celebration from the Soviet people during the New Year, as well as how they tried to symbolically steal sunlight from those around them in a fairy-tale manner. The use of humor and satire to critique the hostile state system is also discussed. Additionally, the article mentions the incorporation of significant figures and events from Russian history in Soviet animation: the struggle of medieval Novgorod citizens against Teutonic invaders and the activities of the hero of the Russian Civil War, Vasily Chapayev. This helped strengthen the connection between the past and present, emphasizing the enduring values of the struggle for freedom and independence. Thus, animation during the Great Patriotic War played an important role in shaping public opinion, fostering patriotism, and mobilizing the population. The influence of these animated films is still felt today, as they are regarded as an essential part of cultural heritage and historical memory.