Association of smoke exposure with cognitive function trajectories among middle and old-aged adults: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

The developmental trajectories of cognitive function among middle-aged and older adults are heterogeneous. We found that not smoking was a protective factor for cognitive function. This warrants further attention to the risk of cigarette smoking, which is a modifiable risk factor, and the subsequent adoption of interventions for smokers in order to slow down cognitive impairment and reduce its social and economic burden in the future.