Phytochemical screening and chemical composition of Cichorium intybus: Assessment of antioxidant potential, mineral content, and bioactive compounds

This study explored the phytochemical composition and of hydroethanolic extracts from Cichorium intybus leaves using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and bioassays. GC-MS analysis identified various phytoconstituents, including hydroxylamine, linolenic acid, and lupeol, with differing concentrations across plant parts. Quantitative phytochemical assessment revealed notable levels of alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols, particularly in methanol and ethanol extracts. The study also examined the elemental composition, antioxidant activity, and phytochemical profile of Cichorium intybus. Phytochemical screening of hydroethanolic, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts indicated the presence of carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, and saponins. Ethanolic extracts had higher concentrations of carbohydrates and proteins than hydroethanolic extracts, while methanol extracts contained fewer phytochemicals. This study analyzes the spatial variation of Fe, Zn, Mg, and Ca concentrations across different locations, influenced by environmental, geological, and human activities. Iron (Fe) ranges from 186.72 mg/kg in Arya Nagar to 2783.9 mg/kg in Nainital Lake, indicating diverse soil compositions. Zinc (Zn) varies between 18.945 mg/kg in Dhanauri and 199.15 mg/kg in Mount Litera Zee School, suggesting pollution or agricultural impacts. Magnesium (Mg) 2678.984-9110.598 mg/kg, while Calcium (Ca) shows the highest disparity (635.54-9880.836 mg/kg), likely due to limestone deposits. Fe and Ca exhibit the highest variability, reflecting distinct regional soil characteristics.